Bowels, J. E. (1988). Previously expanded soils that have since contracted contain cracks or voids left behind by the loss of moisture. Master Thesis. The molecules of water are polar, and are attracted to the surface of the clay particles. As is known [1,2,3,4,5], an autonomous mobile robot is an automatic device designed to perform industrial, transport, medical, military, space, and other operations, usually without human intervention.To complete the required tasks [6,7,8], this type of robot involves complex . Expansive soil is a soil/clay (such as montmorillonite or bentonite) that is prone to expansion or shrinkage due directly to variation in water volume. Comparative Study of Expansive and Non-expansive Soils Stabilized with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). Landscape architects can design and build on sites with expansive soil if they get the right information and engineering guidance. For lightweight aggregate product, see. A comparison between the behaviour of swelling and of collapsing soils doi:10.1007/s10706-010-9341-5. These fissures can facilitate the deep penetration of water when moist conditions or runoff occurs. Expansive soils are those which are made of certain kinds of earth. Keywords: expansive clay, characterization, granular material, swelling pressure, mitigation, oedometer test, compression index, swelling index, Citation: Bouassida M, Manigniavy SA, Azaiez D and Bouassida Y (2022) New Approach for Characterization and Mitigation of the Swelling Phenomenon. (2021). 1 (1). Expansive Soil Characterisation: an Appraisal. In many cases the homeowner noticed the problem, didnt realize its severity, didnt realize that it was progressing, and the problem progressed to a point where repair didnt make economic sense. The soil swelling continued until 0.54mm upward displacement after 24h, subject to 11.85kPa vertical stress (Figure 15A). University of Khartoum, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC 2019, Volume 4, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2022.836277. An explanation of such behaviour might be the friction resistance induced between the sand particles. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. The latter affects the distribution of internal stresses between the soil particles (Kehew, 1995). One laboratory test to measure the expansion potential of soil is ASTM D 4829. Expansive Soils and Practice in Foundation Engineering, in Louisiana Transportation Conference, Baton Rouge. Expansive Soils | Foundation Repair Experts | MD, ND & SD According to Sridharan and Prakash (2016), two characterization types are distinguished. Holtz, R. D., and Kovacs, W. D. (1981). The swelling phenomenon of soil occurs progressively and depends on the soil saturation and its clay structure (Medjnoun et al., 2014). The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Several researchers have found ways to classify expansive soils by indirect methods: Atterberg limits tests (Holtz and Gibbs, 1956; IS:1498, 1970; Chen, 1975), activity method (Skempton, 1953; Seed et al., 1962; Sridharan and Prakash, 2016) and the clay fraction method (Holtz and Gibbs, 1956; Chen, 1965; Holtz et al., 2011). In most areas, where soils are produced "in situ," this method of assignment was reasonable. 5%, 10%, and 15%. As water is absorbed, the clay particles move apart, increasing the swelling pressure (Elarabi, 2010). moisture content changes. The temperature in the distilled water in the lab was 24C. Kehew, E. A. portion of the land and where expansive soils might be a localized problem. Hence, studying the behaviour of foundations on expansive soils is a theme of high interest, in particular for many African countries (Kalantari, 2012; Nelson et al., 2015; Sridharan and Prakash, 2016). Unexpensive adjective. Then, in colder areas of the great USA, frost can expand water by a whopping 9%! The following table gives the swelling potential of soil as low, medium, high and very high from which we can identify the soil as swelling type or not. 2.2 Testing Procedure. The linear shrinkage test was conducted on elongated clayey soil samples to measure shrinkage deformation when the samples were placed in a brass mould and dried in an oven for 24 hours at a . Determination of free swell index of soils, Sivapullaiah PV, Sridharan A (2005) Mini compaction test apparatus for fine. FIGURE 2. Holtz, R. D., Kovacs, W. D., and Sheahan, T. C. (2011). FIGURE 1. This article focuses on how the swelling phenomenon is triggered in expansive clays. FIGURE 15. Expansive soils are present, at least in some degree, in all 50 states. 2. Oedometer parameters of clayey specimens. Symp. When the soil contains very little expansive minerals, it has little expansive potential. Journal of Research and Reviews in applied Science 1:209217, Dash SK, Hussain M (2012) Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal. Nelson, J. D., Chao, K. C., Overton, D. D., and Nelson, E. J. Certain soils can absorb a high amount of water resulting in an increase in volume and swell. That way, they can be properly treated to produce a structurally stable base for construction operations to build upon. This process can be automated by a timer, or using a soil moisture sensor controller. Sci. doi:10.1007/s41062-016-0043-6, Mostafiz, R. B., Friedland, C. J., Rohli, R. V., Bushra, N., and Held, C. L. (2021). 978-1-118-41799-7. . Expansive soils contain minerals such as smectite clays that are capable of absorbing water. These soils are fine-grained clay minerals comprised of illites, kaolinites, or montmorillonites. Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics pp 553563Cite as, Part of the Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering book series (LNCE,volume 55). Aniculaesi, M., and Lungu, I. NSE Technical Transactions 32(4):6576, Osula DOA (1991) lime modification of problem laterite. 2, which main difference to Fig. Boscardin and Cording (1989) proposed a classification based on structural damages, more precisely on the width of cracks. Azam, S., Ito, M., and Chowdhury, R. (2013). When water is absorbed by a clayey soil which had shrunk by evaporation of pore water, the compression forces between soil particles reduces considerably and elastic expansion occurs and this cause swelling. J. SEAGS AGSSEA. Inexpensive adjective. Without precautions, canals can be destroyed by foundations built on expansive clays (Elarabi, 2010). Khartoum, Sudan: No. By referring to Sridharan and Prakash (2016), this specimen has low activity and a low probability to swell. The latter affects the distribution of internal stresses between the soil particles ( Kehew, 1995 ). BRGM/RP-58120-FR, page 17. Data insufficient to indicate the clay content or the swelling potential of soils. The swelling phenomenon in expansive clays is complex and arises from an electrochemical process. Cement and Lime Stabilization of Compacted Expansive Clay, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 369377. In a typical year in the United States, they cause a greater financial loss to property owners than earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes combined. Damage Mechanism of Expansive Soils. in Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE10, Tunisia, 125131. The American Society of Civil Engineers has estimated that as high as one in four houses in the United States has some form of damage caused by expansive soils. University of Khartoum. Kalantari, B. (PDF) Foundations on Expansive Soils: A Review - ResearchGate It indicates the capacity of the soil. Then, the specimen settlement started. The two cases do not have the same swelling rate or the same behaviour. J Mater Civil Eng 19(3):242248, Neville AM, Brooks JJ (2004) Concrete technology. Expansive soils contain minerals, such as smectite clays, that are prone to absorb copious amounts of moisture. J Eng Geol 42(1996):223237, CrossRef doi:10.1080/19648189.2017.1320236. Boscardin, M. D., and Cording, E. J. The more water they absorb, the more their volume increases. Correspondence to Expansive soil is generally a clay that is inherently susceptible to swelling and shrinking due to its chemical composition. Currently, builders are required by law to have a Geotechnical Engineer (G.E.) Classification of expansive soils based on Cc/Cs ratio and swelling pressure. reinforced concrete wall subjected to active pressures induced by expansive clays. The cost of repairing these damages is quite high (Osman and Charlie, 1983; Nuhfer, 1994; Azam et al., 2013). beidellite, vermiculite, attapulgite, nontronite, and chlorite. Eng. Click to Enlarge. Expansive soils alsoshrink, compress when they dry out. Cracks in walls and ceilings will also be consistent with differential heave. Prediction of Swelling Potential for Compacted Clays. While cut and fill operations are very expensive, there are other solutions that have been developed and tested over time to treat expansive soils. Effect of fly ash on strength and swelling aspect of an expansive soil., https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expansive_clay&oldid=1100442329, This page was last edited on 25 July 2022, at 23:32. FIGURE 12. PDF Intrinsic Relationship between Specific Surface Area and Soil Water Then, which methods are suitable for measuring the swelling pressure. Clay's small particle size draws moisture between particles by capillary action. ( en adjective ) Not expensive; inexpensive. Learn more about our Innovation Center. Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. Destruction of hydraulic structures such as buried pipelines, drains, sewage systems and irrigation systems are very dangerous and can be fatal in certain conditions. The situation where greatest damage occurs is when there are significant and repeated CE32 No.3. (A) Free swellTime curve of case 1 (only expansive clay) under 0.25kPa. is that extensive is in the nature of an extent, wide, widespread while expansive is able to be expanded. Part of Springer Nature. It was published in 1989 as Map I-1940 in the USGS Miscellaneous Investigations Series. This solution has been adopted and approved in forthcoming a lightweight building construction at the Faculty of Sciences of Tunis City. Int J Earth Sci Eng 4(6):4245, Al-Mukhtar M, Khattab S, Alcover JF (2012) Microstructure and geotechnical properties of limetreated expansive clayey soil. Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics pp 553563Cite as, Part of the Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering book series (LNCE,volume 55). Expansive soils typically clays are a problematic soil category, which often poses serious pathology, especially when lightweight constructions are built on it. What is the difference between inexpensive and cheap? | WikiDiff This involves excavation of expansive soil and replacement with non-expansive material, where the depth of active zone (depth from ground surface wherein seasonal moisturethe shear strength of foundation expansive soils. When they take on water, they increase in volume. Evaluation of the Swelling Pressure for Expansive Soils. remains constant. Sci. Illustration of shrink-swell clay, (1) evapotranspiration, (2) evaporation and (3) root absorption (Villey, 2010). Expansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. What's A Geologic Hazard, in Geotimes, 4. Audi S Line Logo Volante Interno Adesivo Emblema Autoadesivo NERO. This water retention is further compounded by the typical edge-to-edge orientation of the particles found in clay minerals. Experimental Study on the Swelling Behavior of Expansive Soil Reinforced with Coir Geotextile, in Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC 2019, Volume 4. doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6564_11. This layer plays, first, the role of an absorber of the swelling pressure. As a verb cheap is to trade; traffic; bargain; chaffer; ask the price of goods; cheapen goods. In this experiment, the clay layer covering the bottom 1cm of the ring thickness, under porous stone and sand layer, is loaded with a total of 0.43kPa. A&M, Texas, 152171. Expansive Soil And Foundation Cracks Video. Does Homeowners Insurance Cover Expansive Soil Damage? Engrg. This shrinkage canremovestructural support from a home or structure and result in damaging subsidence. In case of Lime the reduction in strength may be due to formation of the silica gel or excess Lime content beyond the optimum content may act as a lubricating agent between two-soil particle and reducing the shear resistance. The liquid limit and plastic limits were determined as per IS: 2720 (part 5)-1985 [].The pH for both the soils provided in Table 1 has been found out as per IS: 2720 (part 26)-1987 [].The plasticity index is accounted as the numerical difference between . BM: principal investigator; S.A. Manigniavy: PhD fellow D. Azaiez: Ph D fellow Y. Bouassida: co supervisor of PhD fellow. This map was generalized for display on the web by Bradley Cole of Geology.com using a base map licensed from MapResources. Is sand an expansive soil? (B) Free swellTime curve of case 2 (47% Sand +47% S1) under 0.25kPa. An intact sample from the S1 core, of water content 15.9%, is placed in the oedometer ring as shown in Figure 11. (A) Swelling pressure applied to a foundation in contact with an expansive clay layer. The present study also showed, after experimental laboratory investigation, that the use of a granular material layer (sand) as an interface between the foundation and an expansive clay layer reduces the swelling of tested specimen, in oedometer condition, to 21.4%, for a HG/HS ratio equal to 0.9 (HG: the thickness of the granular layer and HS: the thickness of an expansive soil). of soil present and determine their expansive properties. J Construct Build Mater 19(2005):448453, Brooks RM (2009) Soil Stabilization with Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash. Built Environ. An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering. J. Geotech. Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. In contrast, the title of emperor is usually conferred by way of hereditary succession, though in some . Indeed, the mass of sand layer and porous stone is 167.2g and the oedometer ring diameter is 7cm. In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. Expansive soils can shrink so much after swelling that deep, wide cracks are able to develop after drying and contracting. of expansive soils can be found in all of the soil categories shown on this However, some areas are underlain by soils which have been transported by wind, water or ice. TABLE I. Over 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. Deformation in case 2 : (2) = l(2) / l(2) = 0.22 / 10 = 0.022, which approximates 78.6% of (1). The plasticity chart in Figure 6 reveals that data collected for non-swelling clays are located in the low plasticity zone. The map soil categories would not apply for these locations. Part of Springer Nature. Villey, M. (2010). After fitting, non-soil pixels (marked in a . Case 1: For the first hour and a half, it is clear that case ones curve, shown in Figure 14A, keeps the swelling at a medium rate, approximately 38.4nm/s. Expansion and contraction with changes in moisture content limit expansive soils engineering uses without some sort of modification. Doors and windows may not function like they once did while furnace or plumbing piping could even be bent as a result of soils expanding and contracting. J Eng Geol 30:141149, Saeed KA, Kassim KA, Yunus NZ, Nur H (2013) Characterization of hydrated lime-stabilized brown kaolin clay. 6 Types of Backfill Materials Used in Construction Elarabi, H. (2010). Kim, H-K., Shin, H., and Kang, Y-T. (2013). Herrin M, Mitchell H (1961) Lime-soil mixtures. Data comprises Tunisian and two non-Tunisian soils. - 45.55.186.116. Correspondence to Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 55. Fun Facts with Brian Each year in the United States alone, expansive soils cause$2.3 billiondollars in damages to houses, roads, pipelines, and other structures. Front. The most reported types of damages are cracking of pavements, basement walls, floors, foundations and hydraulic structures. Determination of liquid and plastic limit (second revision), IS: 2720 (Part 26)-1987. An Evaluation of Expedient of Methodology for Identification of Potentially Expansive Soils, in Soils and Pavements Lab, US Army Eng. Have you ever wondered why the Leaning Tower of Pisa leans? He now manages the marketing department and creates everything that you see from us digitally. 28 (6), 805813. This could be risky for users. (2017). First, the article suggests a new approach for characterizing expansive soils from oedometer test results and, second, the mitigation of swelling phenomenon by using a granular material, as an interface tested in a laboratory, for reducing the swelling pressure on foundations. Annually, billions of dollars are spent worldwide in repairing the severe damage that currently affects constructions as a result of the swell phenomenon. Beyond optimum content the strength was found to decrease for all cases. 2017, 115. 4 (18), 32313237. Buildings that have been built on expansive soils without extensive reinforcements may have cracks in foundations, walls, floors or ceilings. Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. Expansive soils map: The map above is based upon "Swelling Clays Map of the Conterminous United States" by W. Olive, A. Chleborad, C. Frahme, J. Shlocker, R. Schneider and R. Schuster. Why? Experimental and Numerical Study on Swelling Potential Estimation of Expansive Clay Mixtures, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 281288. (B) Oedometer curve of a Tunis El Manar Universitys expansive soil (SC1-EI14 sample) with Cc/Cs = 4.2. According to Holtz and Gibbs (1956), the conventional oedometer swell test is the most useful and reliable assessment of the swell potential. de lquipement N26, 5366. The study focusses on comparative analysis of mechanical properties of Bentonite (expansive soil) and Kaolinite (non-expansive soil) treated with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). PDF Engineering properties of an expansive soil FHWA-RE-77-94, NTIS PB-289-164. The swelling phenomenon attracted several investigators, first, to explain how it can occur (Sridharan and Prakash, 2016). In North of Tunisia, several projects are in progress where expansive clays exist from the ground surface and extend to deep layers. Advanced Foundation Engineering chapter - UNIT-V, Getting Control of In turn, when Cc/Cs ratio is lower than 8 one can identify expansive soils for which the swell pressure is in the range of 75400kPa. This case, illustrated in Figures 13A,B, 1cm of the oedometer ring thickness is filled with expansive soil S1 and 0.9cm remaining with compacted sand (Sand = 1.806g/cm3; wiSand = 5%; 1mm < D 1.250mm). However, each of these approaches may Pedialyte (for after those hard nights when the other expansive soils soak up liqour like a sponge). As for mitigation, adequate methods to prevent the swell effect should be formulated. Building Response to ExcavationInduced Settlement. The characterization is referred to direct methods rather use data from the oedometer swell test, free swell tests and suction measurement. on Lime Stabilization, Thomas Telford, London, pp 512, IS: 2720 (Part 10)-1973. The relation of . 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The problem is so unfamiliar to the average homeowner that they don't know what to call it. It has received 3 citation(s) till now. Both shrinking and swelling are structurally unstable soil characteristics. Eur. This change in volume is not stable, resulting in pressure that can be detrimental to construction projects. Engineering Properties of Expansive Clays. The existence of swelling soils can lead to slope instability, a differential heave buckling of pavement, a differential settlement of roads or railways, retaining walls buckling (Figures 3A,B), tunnels collapsing, and damages to retaining walls. The cost of repairs and mitigation can be extremely high - it sometimes exceeds the value of the home. Therefore, the classification method herein presented is in good agreement with several methods for the characterization of expansive soils (Table 3). In a typical year in the United States, they cause a greater financial . The usefulness fluctuations occur) is small and where a suitable replacement material is available. When using expansive soils as a part of your sub-base, for example under a road or building pad, it is imperative that you modify the soil in order to substantially reduce the shrink /swell potential, therefore giving your base a longer life span. In: Prashant, A., Sachan, A., Desai, C. (eds) Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics . The volume of expansive soils changes according to their moisture content (Figure 1). Wang, J. X. Annual damages associated with expansive soils regularly cost property owners more than tornadoes, floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes combined! Mahamedi, A., and Khemissa, M. (2013). It is easy to see the telltale sign of expansive soils, cracks in dry soil, around homes or on specific job sites. Kaling Taki . Less than 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with clays of high swelling potential. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0). Swelling or expansive clays increase in volume, while loessial collapsing soils decrease in volume when theirmoisture content increases under constant applied stress. Expansive soils are present throughout the world and are known in every US state. According to Mostafiz et al. SWELLING POTENTIAL METHODS OF FOUNDATION PRACTICES After observed results, the specimen swelling is noticed (Figures 14A,B). 1 is that the upper layer is assumed swelling, as opposed to settling. TABLE 1. Remediating Expansive (Shrink-Swell) Soils. Geology.com. J Geotech Test 28(3):240246, Greaves HM (1996) An introduction to lime stabilization. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. relatively low in price or charging low prices; 'it would have been cheap at twice the price'; 'inexpensive family restaurants'; Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Hussain, M., and Dash, S. K. (2011). Foundations on Expansive Soils. Generally, the more clay content, the greater the potential for expansion. Less than 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. On the other hand, when expansive soils dry out, they decrease in volume and shrink. This is due to the weakness of layer liaisons. Deformation in case 1: (1) = l(1) / l(1) = 0.54 / 19 = 0.028. FIGURE 9. Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Department of Transportation. Figure 4 illustrates the occurrence of soil cracking in an expansive clay. Summary of shrink-swell phenomenon. Every year they cause billions of dollars in damage. A sagging or uneven roof can also be the result of soil expansion and shrinkage. Inexpensive vs. Unexpensive - What's the difference? | Ask Difference - 51.255.122.1. The mitigation solution reduced the swelling effect by placing a compacted granular layer as an interface between the expansive clay and the foundation. [1] Soils with a high content of expansive minerals can form deep cracks in drier seasons or years; such soils are called vertisols. According to the BETand Newman methods, the SSA can Paper No. Geotechnical Eng. Expansive clays have an expanding crystal lattice in a 2:1 ratio; however, there are 2:1 non-expansive clays. While soils with larger particles, like gravels or even sands, have voids large enough to allow water to drain, expansive soils contain small particles that can retain high amounts of water content. Herrin M, Mitchell H (1961) Lime-soil mixtures. 4th Indian reprint, Pearson Education, Delhi, Fang HY (1991) Foundation Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Company, Ola SA (1975) Stabilization of Nigeria lateritic soils with cement, bitumen and lime. The experiments have been conducted on the clayey soil samples were to determine physical and chemical properties. Chemical Treatment of Expansive Soil by Different saline Solutions, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 341349. Al-Busoda, B. S., Abid Awn, S. H., and Obaid, H. (2017). doi:10.1061/taceat.0007325. Clay and Peat Less than 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with clays of high swelling potential. Throughout the ratio Cc/Cs value, one can perceive if the tested soil is expansive or non-expansive, without the need for the measurement of the swell pressure in the free swell phase. One important difference between king and emperor lies in the rules governing succession to the title. Then, the specimen stabilized at this deformation level. The compacted sand layer acts as a shock absorber to reduce the swelling pressure effect of the soil. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Less than 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Documented evidence of the existence of and difficult engineering problems associat View the full answer Previous question Next question Audi S Line Logo Volante Interno Adesivo Emblema Autoadesivo NERO Una scelta saggia Negozi di Flagship Ultimi arrivi, sconti limitati bluebinaries.com, 40 Le migliori offerte per Audi S Line Logo Volante Interno Adesivo Emblema Autoadesivo NERO sono su Confronta prezzi e caratteristiche di prodotti nuovi e usati Molti . As adjectives the difference between extensive and expansive. Master's thesis (College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University, USA). The plumb-bob reveals 9 inches of inward displacement. New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company Inc. Chen, F. H. (1988). Found. (2019). When treating soils with a lime-based reagent, the potential of the shrink / swell cycle is reduced, extending the life span of your pavement or building structure. Table 1 details those data as determined from oedometer tests preceded by the measurement of the swell pressure. *Note Expansive soils are known to expand to 10% or more (and this is not uncommon). Three (03) main factors control the triggering of swelling phenomenon and related damages on structures (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981): the presence of montmorillonite, with natural water content close to the soils plastic limit, and a water source near a potential expansive soil. The space between the clay particles is smaller than the dimensions of some cations. Expansive clay - Wikipedia Therefore, the suggested method of classification is applicable both for expansive and non-expansive soils. 2nd Edition. (PDF) Expansive Soils - ResearchGate

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