Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. Tonga Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans. Until 1967 Uganda was a quasi-federal polity that included five subregional monarchies, non-monarchical districts, and a central government. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Religious Practitioners. In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. Identification. Updates? Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. (1972). prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. This made the chiefs more independent from connected and intertwined chiefdoms. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. Social Organization. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. This book presents seminal anthropological works from that period by p'Bitek himself and by Frank Girling, who was researching among the Acholi when p'Bitek was a teenager. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. In . "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern The women have accomplished agriculturists, growing and processing a variety of food crops, including millet, simsim, groundnuts, peas, sorghum and vegetables. Marriage. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. Acholi people - Wikipedia journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Land Tenure. 30. Political Organization. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Rwot, 'ruler'). These guns brought Inheritance has been, and largely remains, patrilineal. Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. Apoko, Anna (1967). Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Domestic Unit. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. The name "Acholi" is used for peoples living in the former Acholi District of northern Uganda (now divided into the Gulu and Kitgum districts) and the adjoining area of the southern Sudan. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. InThe Roots of Ethnicity, Ronald R. Atkinson argues that although colonial rule and its aftermath have played a major role in shaping the particular manifestati. of as dialects of Acholi. Girling, F. K. (1960). Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from Encyclopedia of World Cultures. In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one the nations capital Kampala in 1988. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. This in turn forged new political entities and identities as well as wider social relations. Colonial chiefs in a stateless society: a case-study from Northern Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Uganda Journal 3(3): 175-202. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi.

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